SOCIETAL PAPER:NUTRITION AND GROWTHEnteral Nutrition in Preterm Infants (2022):A PositionPaper From the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition andInvited Experts'Nicholas David Embleton,MBBS,BSc,MD,tSissel Jennifer Moltu,MD,PhD,tAlexandre Lapillonne,MD,PhD,Chris H.P van den Akker;MD,PhD,Virgilio Carnielli,MD,PhD,Christoph Fusch,MD,PhD,tKonstantinos Gerasimidis,PhD,#Johannes B.van Goudoever;MD,PhD,ssNadja Haiden,MD.MSc,MSilvia lacobelli,MD.PhD,Mark J.Johnson,BM,BSc,PhD.Sascha Meyer,MD,PhD.Walter Mihatsch,MD.MBA.Miguel Saenz de Pipaon,MD,PhD,Jacques Rigo,MD,PhD,WGitte Zachariassen,MD,PhD,Jiri Bronsky,MD,PhD,""Flavia Indrio,MD.PhD,ttttJutta Koglmeier,MD,PhD,Barbara de Koning,MD.PhD.ssssLorenzo Norsa,MD.PhD,Elvira Verduci,MD.PhD,andMagnus Domellof.MD.PhDABSTRACTObjectives:To review the current literature and develop consensus conclu-What Is Knownsions and recommendations on nutrient intakes and nutritional practice inpreterm infants with birthweight <1800g.Nutrient intakes and nutritional practices have aMethods:The European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology,Hepatologymajor impact on short-term morbidities and long-and Nutrition (ESPGHAN)Committee of Nutrition (CoN)led a process thatterm outcomes.included CoN members and invited experts.Invited experts with specificThe available literature has expanded dramaticallyexpertise were chosen to represent as broad a geographical spread as possible.in the 12 years since the previous European Soci-A list of topics was developed,and individual leads were assigned to topicsety of Paediatric Gastroenterology,Hepatology andalong with other members,who reviewed the current literature.A single face-Nutrition position paper was developed.to-face meeting was held in February 2020.Provisional conclusions and rec-ommendations were developed between 2020 and 2021,and these were votedWhat Is Newon electronically by all members of the working group between 2021 and2022.Where%consensus was not achieved,online discussion meetingswere held,along with further voting until agreement was reached.We provide an expert consensus on conclusions andResults:In general,there is a lack of strong evidence for most nutrients andrecommendations for nutrient intakes and nutri-topics.The summary paper is supported by additional supplementary digitaltional practices for preterm infants with a birth-weight of <1800g.content that provide a fuller explanation of the literature and relevant physiology:introduction and overview;human milk reference data;intakes of water,protein,We provide recommendations that can be used inenergy,lipid,carbohydrate,electrolytes,minerals,trace clements,water solubleclinical practice,but highlight the lack of strong evi-dence in several topic areas and the need for furthervitamins,and fat soluble vitamins;feeding mode indluding mineral enteral feed-ing.feed advancement,management of gastric residuals,gastric tube placementhigh-quality research especially studies that assessand bolus or continuous feeding:growth;breastm
